4. Cultural Sector Employers

This chapter and the following chapter present a quantitative perspective on the composition, size, and financial performance of the cultural sector using units of measurement linked to businesses and self-employed individuals attached to specific domains and subdomains of the cultural sector. Unlike the previous chapter, where employment in a cultural occupation was the primary lens of analysis, these two chapters focus on the industrial classification of businesses and self-employed individuals.

It should be noted that this perspective has the potential not only to underestimate the size of the sector but also to misrepresent how the sector operates because of the fact that many independent and self-employed workers are not included in the traditional data sources referenced. These are noted throughout the two chapters, and where applicable, suggestions to address these data gaps have been included in Chapter 10: Recommendations.

Many of the figures presented in this chapter on cultural sector employers rely on Statistics Canada’s most recent Business Register data. In particular, the figures include information about the number, size, and geographic distribution of establishments that employ cultural workers.

This chapter also provides additional labour market information for each of the six core domains that fall within the cultural sector, according to the definition and scope of the sector outlined in Chapter 2. For a list of the types of establishments and industries included in each cultural domain, please see Appendix A.

4.1 Cultural Sector Establishments

In 2016, there were 117,050 cultural establishments in Canada, representing 3 per cent of all establishments in the Canadian economy. Cultural establishments tend to be smaller, on average, than establishments in other sectors. Among the large establishments (ones with more than 500 employees), a third fall within the audio-visual and interactive media domain, particularly the broadcasting establishments. Meanwhile, sound recording is the only domain without large establishments.

Table 4.1.1 Number of Cultural Establishments, 2016

Culture domain

Indeterminate*

Small (1–99)

Medium (100–499)

Large (500+)

Total

Heritage and libraries

 860

 2,362

 72

 11

 3,305

Archives

 68

 79

 2

 1

 150

Libraries

 95

 919

 28

 3

 1,045

Cultural heritage

 532

 1,062

 25

 2

 1,621

Natural heritage

 165

 302

 17

 5

 489

Live performance

 17,560

 3,539

 54

 9

 21,162

Performing arts

 16,802

 3,146

 53

 9

 20,010

Festivals and celebrations

 758

 393

 1

 -

 1,152

Visual and applied arts

 32,513

 14,169

 101

 9

 46,792

Original visual art

 6,385

 856

 -

 -

 7,241

Art reproductions

 307

 328

 1

 -

 636

Photography

 4,030

 819

 5

 -

 4,854

Crafts

 185

 205

 6

 -

 397

Advertising

 4,072

 1,936

 22

 2

 6,032

Architecture

 7,889

 4,404

 22

 1

 12,316

Design

 9,645

 5,620

 45

 6

 15,316

Written and published works

 11,538

 7,180

 130

 11

 18,860

Books

 1,172

 414

 9

 2

 1,597

Periodicals

 847

 797

 7

 -

 1,651

Newspapers

 969

 1,333

 31

 5

 2,338

Other published works

 565

 109

 1

 -

 675

Collected information

 105

 101

 8

 -

 214

Multi-subdomain (e.g., supporting activity)

 7,880

 4,426

 74

 4

 12,385

Audio-visual and interactive media

 16,811

 7,607

 228

 24

 24,669

Film and video

 14,716

 4,812

 139

 5

 19,672

Broadcasting

 1,194

 1,658

 66

 16

 2,934

Interactive media

 901

 1,137

 23

 3

 2,063

Sound recording

 1,569

 689

 4

 -

 2,262

Sound recording

 344

 89

 1

 -

 434

Music publishing

 1,225

 600

 3

 -

 1,828

Total culture

 80,851

 35,546

 589

 64

 117,050

Total Canadian economy

 2,631,372

 1,241,007

 21,745

 2,999

 3,897,123

Culture share of total economy

3.1%

2.9%

2.7%

2.1%

3.0%

* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships.
Sources: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016, compiled by The Conference Board of Canada.

The Business Register data is timely and detailed—down to the most granular level of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). However, the limitation of the data is that to be included in the Business Register, an establishment must meet one of the following three criteria:

  • The establishment is an employer (i.e., has employees).
  • The establishment is a corporate tax filer (i.e., is incorporated).
  • The establishment is a GST/HST registrant (GST/HST registration is required only for individuals or businesses with sales that exceed $30,000 for one year).

Many cultural establishments do not meet the criteria, particularly those that are made up of independent and/or self-employed workers and therefore are not included in the Business Register data.There is also some potential for the misclassification of industries represented by large enterprises involved in multiple lines of business. For example, an internet streaming service provider such as Netflix would be recognized as an internet broadcasting enterprise in the Business Register (NAICS code 519130), as the majority of its output would fall within the film and video industry. However, there is also a production arm within this enterprise that should be classified in the registry under the motion picture and video production industry (NAICS code 512110). However as long as the individual establishments are coded based on a set of consistent criteria (e.g., financials, company structure), the Business Register provides a useful snapshot of the cultural sector.

Table 4.1.2 Revenues of Cultural Establishments by Domain and Subdomain, 2013–2017
($ millions)

Cultural domain

Subdomain

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

Heritage and libraries

Total

 1,048

 1,077

 1,162

 1,261

 1,273

 

Archives

 15

 15

 17

 17

 18

 

Libraries

 65

 67

 75

 81

 80

 

Cultural heritage

 649

 676

 729

 796

 795

 

Natural heritage

 319

 319

 341

 366

 381

Live performance

Total

 3,655

 3,825

 4,184

 4,443

 4,549

 

Performing arts

 3,403

 3,566

 3,906

 4,148

 4,249

 

Festivals and celebrations

 252

 259

 278

 295

 300

Visual and applied arts

Total

 12,247

 13,049

 13,539

 13,887

 14,625

 

Original visual art

 317

 337

 364

 394

 413

 

Art reproductions

 76

 81

 81

 82

 85

 

Photography

 1,061

 1,116

 1,194

 1,217

 1,287

 

Crafts

 819

 748

 775

 819

 749

 

Advertising

 2,859

 3,266

 3,458

 3,497

 3,538

 

Architecture

 2,194

 2,244

 2,219

 2,177

 2,257

 

Design

 4,921

 5,258

 5,448

 5,700

 6,296

Written and published works

Total

 17,867

 17,160

 16,727

 16,065

 15,967

 

Books

 1,887

 1,795

 1,622

 1,484

 1,488

 

Periodicals

 2,333

 2,213

 2,041

 1,903

 1,932

 

Newspapers

 4,694

 4,309

 3,953

 3,462

 3,043

 

Other published works

 241

 230

 213

 199

 204

 

Collected Information

 476

 447

 414

 387

 395

 

Multi-subdomain

 8,235

 8,165

 8,485

 8,631

 8,906

Audio-visual and interactive media

Total

 25,507

 26,626

 27,336

 28,654

 29,710

 

Film and video

 8,440

 9,102

 9,564

 10,503

 11,053

 

Broadcasting

 13,377

 13,487

 13,688

 13,746

 14,005

 

Interactive media

 3,690

 4,037

 4,084

 4,405

 4,653

Sound recording

Total

 1,071

 1,092

 1,128

 1,217

 1,269

 

Sound recording

 175

 178

 187

 199

 206

 

Music publishing

 896

 914

 941

 1,018

 1,063

Education and training

 

 4,464

 4,623

 4,795

 4,934

 5,091

Governance, funding, and professional support

 

 

 13,382

 13,811

 14,171

 14,278

 14,797

Multidomain*

 

 1,107

 1,132

 1,231

 1,252

 1,274

Total cultural sector

 

 80,348

 82,396

 84,272

 85,991

 88,556

Source: Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.
Note: “Multidomain” refers to the cases where one industry produces goods and services that cannot be readily allocated to a single domain, e.g., book, periodical and music stores (NAICS 4512).

4.2 Employer Profiles by Cultural Domain

The employer profiles in this section of the report contain standardized indicators on labour market information for each cultural domain based on the 2016 census. This section also includes the distinctive characteristics found using available data on employers at the cultural subdomain level.

4.2.1 Heritage and Libraries Domain

The heritage and libraries domain comprises a wide range of establishments that fall into the categories of cultural and natural heritage, libraries, and archives, most of which rely heavily on government support for their operations. These include museums, art galleries, archives, historic sites, buildings, community and nature parks, and conservation areas with interpretive or educational programs. Also included in this domain are exhibition centres, planetariums, observatories, aquariums, zoos, botanical gardens, and arboretums.

While conceptually all of the heritage and libraries establishments that meet these criteria fall under this domain, at the present time, only private institutions are captured by Statistics Canada’s Culture Satellite Account. As a result, the following discussion depicts only a partial picture of the domain.

In 2017, private heritage and libraries establishments generated over $1.3 billion in revenues and employed over 15,000 workers.[1] Not surprisingly, only a small fraction (3.1 per cent) of workers were self-employed, 43 per cent were male, and slightly more than one-third (35.2 per cent) worked full-time. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was over $58,000 in 2015, while for part-time workers it was just over $19,000.

There are 3,300 private heritage and libraries establishments nationwide, of which 43 per cent are in Ontario and Quebec, with another 43 per cent in B.C. and the Prairies. Similar distribution is seen for large establishments, with well over a half of them (61 per cent) in Quebec and Ontario.

Table 4.2.1.1: Employment in Heritage and Libraries Establishments

Indicator

 

Total employment, 2017

 15,012

Employee

 14,547

Self-employed

465 (3.1% of employment)

Unionization rate

n.a.

Gender split

 

Male

43.3%

Female

56.7%

Employment status

 

Full-time

35.2%

Part-time

64.8%

Average income, 2015

 

Full-time

 $58,060

Part-time

 $19,139

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.1.2: Number of Heritage and Libraries Establishments, 2016 

 

Indeterminate*

Small
(1–9)

Medium
(10–99)

Large
(100+)

Total

 

Canada

 860

 1,848

 514

 83

 3,305

Newfoundland and Labrador

 24

 54

 27

 1

 106

Prince Edward Island

 15

 15

 5

 -

 35

Nova Scotia

 37

 92

 35

 1

 165

New Brunswick

 22

 72

 16

 3

 113

Quebec

 183

 260

 122

 15

 580

Ontario

 245

 445

 127

 36

 853

Manitoba

 69

 117

 15

 2

 203

Saskatchewan

 43

 320

 19

 3

 385

Alberta

 94

 241

 59

 8

 402

British Columbia

 126

 204

 86

 14

 430

Territories

 2

 28

 3

 -

 33

* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships.
Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Culture Heritage Subdomain

Private culture heritage establishments accounted for an estimated 62 per cent of revenues and 63 per cent of employment in the heritage and libraries domain in 2017. Of the 1,600 culture heritage establishments operating in Canada in 2016, 43 per cent were in Ontario and Quebec. Meanwhile, 16 out of 27 large culture heritage establishments were in Ontario and Quebec, with the rest scattered around in other provinces.

Natural Heritage Subdomain

Private natural heritage is the second largest subdomain, making up 30 per cent of revenues and 33 per cent of employment in the heritage and libraries domain in 2017. There were 490 natural heritage establishments operating in Canada in 2016, of which well over a half were in Central Canada (58 per cent), 28 per cent were in B.C. and the Prairies, and the rest were scattered about in Atlantic Canada. Of the large natural heritage establishments, only one was in Atlantic Canada—in New Brunswick.

Libraries Subdomain

Private libraries establishments made up 6.3 per cent of revenues and 3.3 per cent of employment in the heritage and libraries domain in 2017. In 2016, there were 1,050 libraries nationwide, of which just over a third were in Central Canada (35 per cent) and almost 60 per cent were in B.C. and the Prairies. A similar pattern was seen for large establishments: only two out of 31 large libraries were in Atlantic Canada.

Archives Subdomain

Private archives make up the smallest subdomain under the heritage and libraries umbrella, accounting for only 1.4 per cent of revenues and 1 per cent of employment in the overall domain. Of the 150 archives establishments in Canada in 2016, close to two-thirds were in Central Canada (62 per cent).

By nature, archives are smaller in size: there are only three large establishments nationwide, all of which are in Central Canada. Only 13 per cent of all archives establishments employed more than 10 workers in 2016.

4.2.2 Live Performance Domain

The live performance domain represents a diverse group of performers and organizations engaged in the production of live entertainment, ranging from operas, orchestras, and circus arts to multidisciplinary events such as celebrations and festivals. The industries that fall within this domain include a broad spectrum of businesses and business practices, from large enterprises such as Cirque du Soleil to independent artists.

In 2017, live performance establishments generated over $4.5 billion in revenues and employed close to 60,000 workers.[2] Workers in the domain were predominately part-time (69 per cent) and more than half (53 per cent) were self-employed. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was $40,000 in 2015, while for part-time workers it was just over $20,000. Notably, given the relatively low average income and a high share of self-employment within the domain, the likelihood of some workers not being captured by the Business Register is higher than other domains.

Of the nearly 5,900 live performing arts establishments in Canada in 2016, 67 per cent were located in Ontario and Quebec. Meanwhile, 44 out of 63 large establishments (with more than 100 employees) were in these two provinces.

Table 4.2.2.1: Employment in Live Performance Establishments

Indicator

 

Total employment, 2017

 59,897

Employee

 28,318

Self-employed

31,579 (52.7% of employment)

Unionization rate

n.a.

Gender split

 

Male

50.6%

Female

49.4%

Employment status

 

Full-time

30.8%

Part-time

69.2%

Average income, 2015

 

Full-time

 $40,019

Part-time

 $20,094

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.2.2: Number of Live Performance Establishments, 2016 

 

Indeterminate*

Small
(1–9)

Medium
(10–99)

Large
(100+)

Total

 

Canada

 17,560

 3,051

 488

 63

 21,162

Newfoundland and Labrador

 118

 36

 16

 -

 170

Prince Edward Island

 43

 17

 3

 1

 64

Nova Scotia

 278

 70

 13

 1

 362

New Brunswick

 145

 51

 12

 -

 208

Quebec

 4,919

 890

 155

 22

 5,986

Ontario

 7,083

 1,035

 134

 22

 8,274

Manitoba

 394

 51

 22

 3

 470

Saskatchewan

 276

 37

 14

 -

 327

Alberta

 1,253

 194

 42

 7

 1,496

British Columbia

 3,030

 657

 75

 7

 3,769

Territories

 21

 13

 2

 -

 36

* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships.
Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

4.2.3 Visual and Applied Arts Domain

The visual and applied arts is one of the more diverse domains, consisting of not only a wide range of individuals and establishments involved with creating, distributing, or selling original works of art, but also the artistic and creative arm of advertising, architecture, and design. The final products are visual in nature and may be multi-faceted, including drawing, painting, photography, printmaking, textile art, installation art, performance art, and a myriad of other similar forms of artistic expression. The workforce of this domain is composed mainly of independent artists, architects, designers, and craftspeople—close to one-quarter are self-employed.

Because of the independent nature of visual and applied arts industries, many artists working in this domain are largely responsible for generating their own revenues, whether through the distribution and sales of their own artwork or by exploring other funding sources such as government programs. The internet has opened up numerous marketing and sales opportunities for artists, but selling online is not an easy undertaking, as it requires technical and marketing skills that artists do not necessarily have. It also divides artists’ time between studio production and administrative tasks, leaving less time for artists to work on their craft.

In 2017, visual and applied arts establishments generated nearly $15 billion in revenues and employed just over 116,800 workers[3]. The labour force was predominantly male (59 per cent), and more than a half (57 per cent) worked full-time in 2016. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was $73,500 in 2015, while part-time workers earned $35,800.

There were close to 47,000 visual and applied arts establishments operating in Canada in 2016, close to two-thirds of which were in the Ontario or Quebec. Another 28 per cent were in B.C. and Alberta, with the rest scattered around in the rest of provinces.

Table 4.2.3.1: Employment in Visual and Applied Arts Establishments 

Indicator

 

Total employment, 2017

116,835

Employee

88,494

Self-employed

28,341 (24.3% of employment)

Unionization rate

n.a.

Gender split

 

Male

59.3%

Female

40.7%

Employment status

 

Full-time

56.5%

Part-time

43.5%

Average income, 2015

 

Full-time

 $73,487

Part-time

 $35,796

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.3.2: Number of Visual Arts and Crafts Establishments, 2016 

 

Indeterminate*

Small
(1–9)

Medium
(10–99)

Large
(100+)

Total

 

Canada

 32,513

 12,340

 1,829

 110

 46,792

Newfoundland and Labrador

 146

 86

 14

 0

 245

Prince Edward Island

 51

 34

 4

 0

 90

Nova Scotia

 444

 152

 33

 2

 631

New Brunswick

 235

 135

 19

 1

 389

Quebec

 7,603

 2,343

 476

 27

 10,448

Ontario

 13,728

 5,567

 744

 53

 20,093

Manitoba

 570

 237

 49

 2

 859

Saskatchewan

 530

 175

 34

 1

 740

Alberta

 3,910

 1,676

 175

 13

 5,775

British Columbia

 5,248

 1,908

 273

 13

 7,442

Territories

 47

 26

 7

 -

 81

* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships.
Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

4.2.4 Written and Published Works Domain

The written and published works domain represents a wide variety of publishing in the forms of books, periodicals, newspapers, etc. As in many other cultural industries, establishments in Canada’s written and published works domain are contending with a sea change in the way consumers access their products. The rapid expansion of digital markets has forced publishing industries to quickly adopt new revenue strategies to respond to changing consumer preferences. Newspaper and magazine publishers are distributing content online and developing new subscription and advertising models to offset declining sales of physical copies. Book publishers are also becoming adept at marketing, promoting, and selling their products online, while positioning themselves for the mass-market adoption of electronic books and readers.

While much of the change in the written and published works domain over the past five to 10 years has been driven by consumer trends, the domain also endured a significant hit to revenues after the Canadian Copyright Modernization Act came into force in November 2012.[4] It has been reported that royalties have plummeted because of the exemptions to the copyright laws for educational institutions in the Act and how these exemptions were applied in practice. This has had a marked impact not only on activities associated with educational publishing but also on the incomes of Canadian writers, authors, and illustrators.[5]

Despite these challenges, written and published works establishments generated nearly $16 billion in revenues and employed about 102,000 workers in 2017.[6] Of those workers, almost one-quarter (24.4 per cent) were self-employed, 47 per cent were male, and slightly more than a half (52 per cent) worked full-time. The average income among full-time workers in this domain was just over $58,000 in 2015, while part-time workers earned just over $27,000.

Of the 18,900 written and published works establishments operating in Canada in 2016, well over two-thirds (69 per cent) were in Central Canada, more than one-quarter (27 per cent) were in B.C. and the Prairies, and the rest were in Atlantic Canada. Written and published works establishments tended to be smaller in employee size: only 10 per cent of establishments hired more than 10 workers.

Table 4.2.4.1: Employment in Written and Published Works Establishments

Indicator

 

Total employment, 2017

 102,063

Employee

 77,127

Self-employed

24,936 (24.4% of employment)

Unionization rate

n.a.

Gender split

 

Male

46.8%

Female

53.1%

Employment status

 

Full-time

51.7%

Part-time

48.3%

Average income, 2015

 

Full-time

 $ 58,052

Part-time

 $ 26,777

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.4.2: Number of Written and Published Works Establishments, 2016 

 

Indeterminate*

Small
(1–9)

Medium
(10–99)

Large
(100+)

Total

 

Canada

 11,538

 5,466

 1,715

 141

 18,860

Newfoundland and Labrador

 54

 67

 19

 1

 141

Prince Edward Island

 22

 15

 5

 -

 43

Nova Scotia

 219

 126

 46

 6

 398

New Brunswick

 133

 90

 47

 -

 271

Quebec

 3,568

 1,440

 408

 35

 5,450

Ontario

 4,634

 2,113

 663

 69

 7,478

Manitoba

 248

 196

 57

 8

 510

Saskatchewan

 160

 127

 45

 2

 334

Alberta

 845

 510

 164

 5

 1,523

British Columbia

 1,635

 772

 248

 15

 2,669

Territories

 20

 10

 12

 -

 43

* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships.
Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

4.2.5 Audio-Visual and Interactive Media

The audio-visual and interactive media domain represents a wide range of businesses that engage in the production and dissemination of film, radio, TV, and interactive media content. The domain experienced noteworthy transformations in recent years, driven by shifts in consumer behaviour and technology advancement. Indeed, as Canadians further embrace internet-based film, radio, and TV services, Canadian media companies have undergone significant changes to their business models, marked by the rise of several digital distribution platforms. Meanwhile, the interactive media industry has witnessed rapid growth over the past decade with the emergence of electronic sports and mobile gaming.

Film, radio, TV, and broadcasting industries have faced a number of challenges in recent years as a result of changes in technology. The most notable challenges are on the distribution side, as the widespread use of the internet has reshaped the way Canadians consume media content, with significant implications for industry revenues, forcing the industries to adopt digital distribution platforms to accommodate new demand.

In addition, revenues in Canada’s film, TV, and video production industry rely heavily on foreign location and service production, especially from the United States. As the exchange rate remains favourable for foreign producers, this revenue stream should continue to strengthen. On top of that, renewed support from federal and provincial governments through means of tax credits and incentive funds will help Canada solidify its position as a preferred production location.

Despite the rise of internet-based audio services, most Canadians remain loyal to radio. In 2017, 88 per cent of Canadians aged 18 and over tuned in to radio each month. On average, Canadian adults listened to about 15 hours of radio a week in 2017. The health of the industry is due in part to it being highly consolidated, thereby benefiting from economies of scale. In fact, the five largest radio operators reported 65 per cent of total commercial radio revenues in 2017.[7]

With the advent of new technologies such as virtual reality and the growing popularity of competitive gaming and mobile gaming, the interactive media industry has expanded rapidly in recent years. In addition, educational and institutional markets represent an important opportunity for the industry, as gamification has been recognized as a significant component of educational technology.[8] Going forward, with almost half of the revenues coming from foreign markets, Canadian interactive media companies will continue to benefit from the rapid growth of the global video game industry.

In 2017, audio-visual and interactive media establishments generated nearly $29.7 billion in revenues[9] and employed 128,000 workers. Of those workers, 12 per cent were self-employed, and almost half worked full-time (48 per cent). The average income for full-time workers was $70,400 in 2016, while part-time workers made less than half of that ($33,000).

Of the almost 25,000 establishments in audio-visual and interactive media in 2016, 86 per cent were in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia.

Table 4.2.5.1: Employment in Audio-Visual and Interactive Media Establishments

Indicator

 

Total employment, 2017

 127,979

Employee

 112,335

Self-employed

 15,644 (12.2% of employment)

Unionization rate

n.a.

Gender split

 

Male

61.1%

Female

38.9%

Employment status

 

Full-time

48.0%

Part-time

52.0%

Average income, 2015

 

Full-time

 $70,409

Part-time

 $33,328

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account.
Note: please consult Appendix D for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.5.2: Number of Audio-Visual and Interactive Media Establishments, 2016 

 

Indeterminate*

Small
(1–9)

Medium
(10–99)

Large
(100+)

Total

 

Canada

 16,811

 5,490

 2,117

 252

 24,669

Newfoundland and Labrador

 102

 42

 32

 2

 177

Prince Edward Island

 28

 21

 10

 -

 59

Nova Scotia

 400

 93

 76

 2

 570

New Brunswick

 99

 80

 41

 1

 220

Quebec

 3,930

 1,299

 580

 71

 5,880

Ontario

 7,736

 2,306

 702

 102

 10,845

Manitoba

 378

 137

 57

 6

 578

Saskatchewan

 187

 81

 68

 5

 341

Alberta

 871

 305

 220

 23

 1,419

British Columbia

 3,038

 1,109

 318

 40

 4,505

Territories

 43

 18

 13

 -

 75

* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships.
Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

The increased consolidation of enterprises in this domain only adds to the difficulty of identifying the distinct activities and associated financial performance of each subdomain. In theory, we can conceptualize the division between the various subdomains. However, in practice, there is a considerable overlap in activities. As an example, the data available for the radio subdomain include the production of radio programs and the broadcasting of radio programs. Similarly, some data in the television subdomain include activities associated with broadcasting, while some data in the broadcasting domain include television production activities.

Broadcasting is an activity that is hardest to isolate because of the way data for broadcasting is collected, specifically the overlap with the other subdomains—particularly radio and TV. While the following sections reflect our best efforts to isolate the activities and associated financial performance of each subdomain, caution should be used in interpreting the findings.

Film and Video Subdomain

Film and video establishments accounted for an estimated 37 per cent of revenues and 42 per cent of employment in the audio-visual and interactive media domain in 2017. The gender split in these establishments was similar to that of the overall domain. However, a higher proportion of workers in film and video establishments were self-employed (19 per cent for film and video vs. 12 per cent for overall domain) and part-time (62 per cent vs. 52 per cent). Given the fact that more workers in film and video are self-employed, the average income for both full-time and part-time workers was lower than in the overall domain.

In 2016, there were 19,672 film and video establishments in Canada, of which 88 per cent were in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Coincidentally, these are the three provinces that provide the most generous tax incentives for Canadian-controlled film and video businesses.

Broadcasting Subdomain

Broadcasting establishments account for an estimated 47 per cent of revenues and 29 per cent of employment in the audio-visual and interactive media domain. The gender split in broadcasting establishments is similar to that of the overall domain. However, close to 68 per cent of workers are full-time, and perhaps not surprisingly, most workers are employed (97 per cent). As a result, the average income for full-time and part-time workers in broadcasting is higher than that of the overall domain.

After several rounds of consolidation in the broadcasting industry, one predominant feature of this subdomain is its higher share of medium-sized to large organizations. Indeed, 32 per cent of establishments in this subdomain employ more than 10 workers. As is the case in other subdomains, the majority of broadcasting establishments (76 per cent) are in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia.

Interactive Media Subdomain

Interactive media establishments contribute an estimated 16 per cent of revenues and 29 per cent of employment to the overall domain. The shares of full-time workers and female workers in interactive media establishments are similar to those of the overall domain. Interestingly, while the average income for full-time workers in this subdomain is at the same level as the overall domain, part-time workers in interactive media establishments earn considerably less than the global average ($23,000 for interactive media vs. $33,000 for overall domain).

There are 2,063 interactive media establishments in Canada. Close to 80 per cent of them are in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Interactive media establishments are typically smaller in size. Among the 26 large establishments, 19 were based in Ontario and Quebec.

4.2.6 Sound Recording Domain

The digital revolution has had a profound impact on the sound recording domain in Canada and around the world. Listening to the music of one’s preference is easier than ever before. In 2017, almost every Canadian (93 per cent) listened to recorded music, up from 89 per cent in 2016.[10] The growth, in part, stemmed from more convenient access to music through mobile channels such as smartphones and tablets.

The emergence of music streaming services has revolutionized the way Canadians listen to music. Unlike the traditional way of consuming music, where consumers had to purchase the track or album of choice, streaming services give consumers access to a music library containing millions of songs for a monthly fee. Music streaming, as a result, has grown exponentially, with 45 per cent of music consumers worldwide engaging in audio streaming.[11] In Canada, on-demand audio streaming now makes up more than a half (53 per cent) of total audio consumption.[12]

Canada’s sound recording domain includes a vast array of participants, from small, independent artists to large multinational corporations. The industry is made up of musicians, songwriters, record labels, managers, concert promoters, and music publishers, who together create, promote, and market Canadian music. Music production and distribution industries are dominated by larger firms, but Canada also possesses a strong, independent sector made up mainly of small to medium-sized producers. All industry participants are faced with the challenge of developing and adjusting to new business models to ensure the industry navigates successfully through this period of rapid change.

In 2017, music establishments generated about $1.3 billion in revenues and employed 10,170 workers.[13] Of those workers, 20 per cent were self-employed, 58 per cent were male, and just over one-half (53 per cent) worked full-time. The average income among full-time workers was over $57,000 in 2015, while for part-time workers it was just over $26,000.

Of the almost 2,300 music establishments in 2016, 62 per cent were in Ontario and Quebec. All of the large establishments (with more than 100 employees) were in Ontario in 2016.

Table 4.2.6.1: Employment in Sound Recording Establishments

Indicator

 

Total employment, 2017

 10,170

Employee

 8,124

Self-employed

2,046 (20.1% of employment)

Unionization rate

n.a.

Gender split

 

Male

58.3%

Female

41.7%

Employment status

 

Full-time

52.7%

Part-time

47.3%

Average income, 2015

 

Full-time

 $57,431

Part-time

 $26,272

Source: Statistics Canada, 2016 Census and Culture Satellite Account.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

Table 4.2.6.2: Number of Sound Recording Establishments, 2016 

 

Indeterminate*

Small
(1–9)

Medium
(10–99)

Large
(100+)

Total

 

Canada

 1,569

 525

 164

 4

 2,262

Newfoundland and Labrador

 17

 12

 1

 -

 30

Prince Edward Island

 5

 6

 -

 -

 11

Nova Scotia

 44

 10

 5

 -

 59

New Brunswick

 27

 12

 3

 -

 42

Quebec

 309

 125

 24

 -

 458

Ontario

 676

 203

 65

 4

 948

Manitoba

 51

 11

 7

 -

 69

Saskatchewan

 31

 16

 5

 -

 52

Alberta

 140

 46

 20

 -

 206

British Columbia

 264

 85

 35

 -

 384

Territories

 4

 -

 -

 -

 4

* Indeterminate establishments include establishments that do not have a payroll account, namely sole proprietorships, family businesses, and establishments that rely solely on contractual relationships.
Source: Statistics Canada, Business Register, December 2016.
Note: please consult Appendix A for the full list of industries included.

[1] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[2] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[3] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[4] PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, Economic Impacts of the Canadian Educational Sector’s Fair Dealing Guidelines.

[5] PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, pp. 7 and 10. f

[6] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[7] CRTC, Communications Monitoring Report 2018.

[8] Ontario Creates, Interactive Industry Profile.

[9] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.

[10] Nielsen Canada, Music 360 Canada Report 2017.

[11] International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, 2017 Music Consumer Insight Report.

[12] Nielsen Canada, Music 360 Canada Report 2017.

[13] Statistics Canada, Culture Satellite Account.